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August 11, 2003

can you tell if a writer is a man or a woman?

"Men and women ostensibly write the same language, on the other hand, but according to a recent article in The Boston Globe, they do so in ways that immediately reveal which sex is doing the writing." That's according to Sunday's New York Times Magazine, which reports on research done by scientists who "devised an algorithm that could predict with 80 percent accuracy the sex of the author."

They discovered that "women are apparently far more likely than men to use personal pronouns -- 'I,' 'you' and 'she' especially. Men, on the other hand, prefer so-called determiners -- 'a,' 'the,' 'that,' 'these' -- along with numbers and quantifiers like ''more'' and 'some.'"

Is it truly possible to determine the sex of an author by a mathematical algorithm? If it's true, is this because men and women are so biologically different that even our prose is shaped by our genitalia? Or is this because of we've been socialized so much that masculine and feminine roles affect even our writing? Especially in light of the discussion below, I'm curious to see what you all think.

And: Can you tell the difference? To see if you can, I've created a little test (read on).

The challenge: Guess the sex of the author of the following passages. The answers are at the end, in white. Give it a shot and then post your score. We're all friends, so we trust you not to lie. Ahem.

My methodology: I went to my bookshelves and pile of magazines, selected a handful of texts, mostly at random, and selected, again mostly at random, a few sentences from each one. I only chose a new passage if I thought that the first one I found was too revealing (e.g., you'd recognize the work and thus the author because of character names or details). I also tried to make sure it was representative, and not just a random wacky passage. That said, I realize my methodology is completely nonscientific, and the study above actually examined the whole text, not just a segment.

Just take the test. Are these writers male or female?

The test

  1. The ape is too distant to be sedulous. All the great novelists like Thackeray and Dickens and Balzac have written a natural prose, swift but not slovenly, expressive but not precious, taking their own tint without ceasing to be common property.
  2. Misunderstandings tangle like phone cords; perverse emotions simmer beneath neutral banter. But IMing can be oddly hypnotic as well. As long as the chat box remains onscreen, a psychic connection continues even if neither participant says anything at all.
  3. Dorothy put her right hand on Cara's belly. She was carrying high, which tradition said meant the baby was a boy, but this had nothing to do with Dorothy's certainty of the child's sex. She just had a feeling.
  4. Black America and white America still live separately. Most whites live in overwhelmingly white neighborhoods; most blacks live in majority-black ones. Americans of different races still tend not to live together, socialize together, or chart their paths in this society together.
  5. Time to escape. I want my real life back with all of its funny smells, packets of loneliness, and long, clear car rides. I want my friends and my dopey job dispensing cocktails to leftovers. I miss heat and dryness and light.
  6. I just kept quiet and looked around. And I noticed things. The dots on the ceiling. Or how the blanket they gave me was rough.
  7. I had an inspiration once. I woke up one morning and I knew that today I had to swallow fifty aspirin. It was my task: my job for the day.
  8. I knew he was near, because in the candlelight I could see blood scattered in the dust around my bed and there was a red handprint on the sheets. I guessed he was in the shadows at the other end of the longhouse, waiting to loom out and surprise me.
  9. In the mystic offices to which such things were put, there was something that quickened his imagination. For these treasures, and everything that he collected in his lovely house, were to be to him means of forgetfulness, modes by which he could escape, for a season, from the fear that seemed to him at times to be almost too great to be borne.
  10. A fire walker with steel rods through his cheeks had predicted the year would end in disaster, the islands would be laid waste by a curse. Educated Fijians had laughed at his prediction, shrugging off the odd cyclone and shark attack.

The answers (highlight -- click and hold your mouse as you drag over the line -- to read)

  1. female: Virginia Woolf, A Room of One's Own.
  2. female: Emily Nussbaum, "Fast Company," Radar Magazine.
  3. male: Michael Chabon, "Son of the Wolfman."
  4. female: Farai Chideya, Don't Believe the Hype
  5. .
  6. male: Douglas Coupland, Generation X.
  7. male: Stephen Chbosky, The Perks of Being a Wallflower.
  8. female: Susanna Kaysen, Girl, Interrupted.
  9. male: Alex Garland, The Beach.
  10. male: Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray.
  11. female: Kiana Davenport, "Fork Used in Eating Reverend Baker."

So, how'd you do?

After trying these, are you more or less convinced of the scientist's argument and findings? What did you find yourself looking for to determine whether the passage was written by a man or a woman? What parts mislead you on the ones you got wrong? What parts were giveaways on the ones you got right?



comments

Okay, I bit. I took the quiz and got 6 out of 10 correct, but it's not actually fair result because I recognized three of the passages and didn't have to guess at the gender of the author. So, technically, I only got 3 out of 10 correct.

The point of this exercise, I think, is that you actually can't tell which gender uses a particular style of writing from a snippet. But when you look at a text as a whole, do the differences become more obvious? Does a woman have a tendency to focus on different things when looking at the subject matter she has chosen to write about? And, going back to our Memoirs of a Geisha conversation, do men portray female protagonists convincingly and vice versa? I have no idea.

The New York Times article you linked to is interesting. I especially related to the bit at the end about differences in vocabulary among boys and girls because I’ve seen it in my own students. I’ve also noticed that they have a tendency to choose disparate things to write about whenever I give them free writing time. The girls write about their family or friends or feelings, while the boys write about video games or sports or things. None of it surprises me, though, because children struggle daily with finding their place in the world. The most obvious difference when you’re young is that you’re either a boy or a girl, so it’s easy for them to define themselves within that context.

Good quiz. I like it.

Cool post!

I decided to make a program to test a bit of text with the algorithm. According to the program the algorithm scores 60% on Andy's examples. I myself got an abysmal 30%. By the way, Mary, you got 3 out of 7, not 10, so that's around 43%. :-)

Here's the URL if anyone wants to play:

http://www33.brinkster.com/echoloc8/Default.asp

By the way, I'll lay money that larger text samples will be diagnosed more accurately than smaller ones; still, Andy's post reads as male, but Mary's previous posts seem to read as very, very male. (Shrug.)

But we're writing very analytical posts here; anyone want to try some long, long passages and see how they scan?

Rich, you rock. Excellent work. I've tried two things so far, a Boston Globe magazine article and today's Salon cover story, both of which were written by women. (I think I broke the program with the Salon piece, because it was quite long.) Both times, it voted male. I'm going to keep trying other passages, though, since both of those were journalistic.

I think Mary might be on to something regarding theme. I wonder if the researchers published the list of books; I'd be interested to see it.

I wonder what's more important, the gender of the author, or the gender of the audience to whom the book appeals?

I also wonder if there's a computational way to test the old stereotype of "factual men, versus emotional women."

Finally, I wonder if the test is more successful on works which are more popular, since the readership has made a stronger "vote" of preference.

Anyone happen to know if editors working for American publishers are more likely to be male or female?

I tried this with text written to co-workers and to family and friends. For family and friend text it correctly identified me as female 3 times. It also incorrectly identified me as male all three work related examples.
It appears I may be adjusting my language at work.

J.C., I don't know for sure, but most of the editors I knew were female when I worked in publishing. I have a feeling, though, that it probably has a lot to do with the kind of books they publish and what their office culture is like.

L.B., don't change a thing about your working style! "Manspeak" is a good language to know in a work environment.

i saw this program somewhere else, where you didn't have to sign up for anything, anyone know what i'mn talking about?

 

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