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November 22, 2006

Getting Into Character

We're experiencing a bit of wuther-y weather here as a nor'easter blows through town. But, rain and wind will not put a damper on our Thanksgiving tomorrow since what's going on outside will not stop turkey dinner and the inevitable food coma. My contribution to the family meal will be pumpkin-shaped sugar cookies. Yum!

Let's get into character...

Who's Telling This Story, Anyway?

Wuthering Heights is a story (about Catherine and Heathcliff) within a story (told by Nelly) within a story (told by Lockwood). By the time we read it, it's all third hand information. In a comment to another post, Maxine describes our narrators as "boring, normal." Their normalness helps add some believability to the story, yet they are also unreliable. After the first encounter with Heathcliff, Lockwood tells us, "No, I'm running on too fast: I bestow my own attributes over liberally on him" (p. 6). While recounting Catherine's convalescence at the Grange and her return to the Heights, Nelly attributes these words to 12-year-old Heathcliff:

I vociferated curses enough to annihilate any fiend in Christendom (p. 61).

I shall be dirty as I please: and I like to be dirty, and I will be dirty (p. 67).

The first line happens to be my favorite quote from the entire book. But, seriously, what kid talks like that? Nelly is clearly inserting her adult vocabulary into Heathcliff's mouth. The second line is more what I'd expect from a cranky pre-teen, even one from the 18th Century.

What do you think about our narrators? Do you find them believable or unreliable? How can we, as readers, separate "fact" from "fiction" in this novel?

Catherine and Heathcliff

It cannot be argued that Catherine is a strong woman. She marries Edgar for status, money, and comfort but refuses to give up her lover. She tells Nelly, "Who is to separate us, pray? They'll meet the fate of Milo!...Every Linton on the face of the earth might melt into nothing, before I could consent to forsake Heathcliff" (p. 101). However, it is the conflict between husband and lover that drives her into madness and eventually the grave.

Throughout the novel, Heathcliff is described as being fiend, devil, and ghoul. Despite this, I find it unable to think of him badly. In my mind, he is the quintessential romantic figure. Ana mentions below that her feelings changed toward him as she read the book: going from disliking him to rooting for him and back again. In a way, Catherine does the same thing. She loves him yet calls him her murderer. Heathcliff, similarly, is both her master and her servant.

What's up with these two? How do you feel toward them? Is Heathcliff really a fiend?

Edgar and Isabella

Besides a fit of rage at finding Heathcliff in Catherine's sick room, Edgar never exhibits much above a whimper. He shows no passion toward Catherine, and likely marries her because of her aristocratic family. Whenever he shows up in the book, I find it difficult not to compare him to an undercooked and unbuttered slice of toast. Isabella, on the other hand, shows more emotion even if it is misplaced. In describing their elopement, Heathcliff says she pictures "in me a hero of romance, and expecting unlimited indulgences from my chivalrous devotion" (p. 186). She's correct, in a way, but only Catherine is the recipient his devotion. Edgar and Isabella are polar opposites of Heathcliff and Catherine, yet the four of them manage to entangle themselves in a love quadrangle.

What's up with these two? And with the four of them? What draws the opposites together while pushing the likes apart? Is there really a love quadrangle or is Isabella incidental to the love story?

Everyone Else

For me, the rest of the characters mean little except for how their stories relate to Catherine and Heathcliff. Hindley separates them when he returns to the Heights after the death of Earnshaw. Hareton is devoted to Heathcliff. The second Catherine and Linton are pawns in Heathcliff's plot for revenge. And, Joseph, well, I can't understand anything he says.

What are your impressions of the other characters? Are they important in their own right? Or are they tools used to advance the story?



comments

Well, of course, one could spend a whole evening, or a day or two, answering those questions!
(1) The narrators. I imagine, on reading the book, that the filtering of the events by two "boring, normal" people has a purpose in the mind of the author. The narrators are describing events whose emotional basis they can't understand. Lockwood, I think, begins to get a glimmer via his knowledge of Hareton and Catherine (the younger), but I am not sure about Nelly. I think she stood back and gloated (inwardly) more than she needed to have done. But I don't know why Emily Bronte chose these filters rather than a straight narrative, other than it being a literary convention of the day. I hope you will explain it.
(2) Heathcliff. When I was a child myself (when I first read the novel), I totally sympathised with him -- but I think i did sympathise unreservedly with any "main character" in those days, being somewhat blind to flaws. When I was older, I was less sympathetic becuase of his brutality and mental cruelty to Cathy, but I think now I am more tolerant of him.
Cathy I just love. She is just not very intellectual or directed about how she acts -- she just goes with her impulses and feelings, doesn't she? No foresight. Aren't quite a few "Victorian" heroines rather like that? Had she been more "sensible" she could have avoided all the tragedy, but of course Heathcliff would not have been attracted to her in the first place (or her to him?).

(3) Isabella and Edgar. I never had much time for them. I felt sorry for Isabella but not so much for Edgar. I think Edgar, in particular, was incapable of "listening" and hence truly interacting with other people (Cathy, anyway). Isabella tried to do so, but allowed herself to be used by Heathcliff (when he courted and married her), she wasn't aware. But I can certainly sympathise with a young woman being a bti too willing to be swept off her feet.

How the 4 of them interact, or rather what it all means -- dunno. Again, one I look forward to you eluciating for me!

(4) Everyone else. I liked Catherine and Hareton's story, and the redemption theme. But as you will know from a previous string over at Books, Inq., I like that "victorian romantic" fiction and the idea that if passion has led to a tragedy of the participants' own making, redemption is still possible (and Cathy's/Heathcliff's ghosts can rest)?

These days, we seem to like the redemption to be bound up within the main plot and the same characters in a linear fashion; I rather like the earlier fashion for the generational redemption -- you have to pay but your descendants can still be let off the hook ;-)

Maxine, I really like how you describe Lockwood and Nelly as "boring, normal" because I had never thought of them in that way. Having an outside narrator was the convention of the time, but I suspect that much more was intended by Brontë. If you consider that the author and her sisters felt the need to present themselves as men, perhaps Lockwood was created as the main narrator because he is a levelheaded man as well as outside disinterested party. Although he gets the story from Nelly, at one point he says to her, "I am sure you have thought a great deal more than the generality of servants think. You have been compelled to cultivate your reflective faculties for want of occasion for frittering your life away in silly trifles" (p. 78). Bits of conversation like this may have been intended to help make the story more credible.

Throughout the book we're told that Catherine and Heathcliff are halves of each other, and my guess is that this is the Victorian equivalent of "soul mates." When I was in high school I fell in love with Heathcliff immediately and still believe that this book has an impact on my idea of romantic love. Seriously, does any woman not want a man who is devoted to no one but her? He left because he overheard Catherine telling Nelly how it would degrade her social position to marry him, but couldn't stay away after making his money. Despite turning himself into a more suitable husband, he still couldn't have her because of Edgar yet she kept him on as lover.

I have exactly the opposite feeling about Catherine than you, Maxine. I never really liked her, probably out of jealousy, and now I tolerate her since I'm older and less in love. As you mention, she is very typical of Victorian heroines: slightly vapid, impulsive, and swooning. Heathcliff is cruel and calculating, but so is she. She runs him off and marries his rival for status and money, but takes him back as her lover despite her husband's feelings. When husband and lover clash, she forces herself into a brain fever by locking herself up without food and water, manipulates both of them into falling at her feet, then dies leaving behind a baby for Edgar and her ghost for Heathcliff.

Yet, as a woman, what other power does Catherine have? Like Heathcliff, she is a force of nature, but I always see her as being on the outskirts of the story. At the beginning, she is already a ghost. In addition, Lockwood finds her diary written in the margins of her books and it is as if her story frames another story. She drives the plot since Heathcliff spends his life trying to love her or exacting revenge for her, but her ghost/spirit always remains just out of reach in the margins.

Like you, Maxine, I have never had much time for Edgar, Isabella, or anyone else in the book. On this rereading, I tried to figure out Joseph but gave up and decided that there's nothing to him but the bible and gooseberry bushes.

Isabella does get swept off her feet, doesn't she? She's foolish, though, in thinking that Heathcliff's love for Catherine would translate to her. At the same time, it must have taken some strength for her to run away and be a single mother in London. Next time I read the book I will have to pay some more attention to her.

Likewise, I never cared much for the second part of the book. I've always faithfully read it without skipping parts, but my focus is on Heathcliff. The secondary characters and second part of the book mean little to me except for how they relate to him. I've also always been in a hurry to get to the really juicy bits, like the open grave and ghosts walking on the moors.

The holiday took some time from me, but I had intended to write a post about themes. I'm glad you mention redemption because it fits in with both themes and Brontë's use of twos: condemnation/redemption, love/hate, innocence/guilt, good/evil, etc. There's so much to talk about with this book; it's no wonder it's been studied so exhaustively.

i'm sorry i was sorta MIA for this discussion. i'm in my last week of classes for the semester and then i've got critiques and finals! i need to breathe

No worries, Ana. There's no pressure here, which is the point of having book discussions this way. Participate if you can, but take a break if life gets hectic. Now...breathe. :)

Thanks for your two thoughtful and fascinating essays (I can't say "comments" as they are far more than that), Marydell. You have given me plenty to think about. I particularly like your interpretation of Lockwood as the "male" side of the Bronte sisters.
I understand what you say about Cathy but I do think that in the context of her times and level of education/social interaction she had (zero) she was pretty unmoderated, and who did she have to learn from? By the time she married Edgar, she was fully formed. Hindley became obsessive and drunk so was no use as a father/parent figure. You mention Joseph, whom I'd forgotten but of course I hated him passionately - what kind of character influence was he on a young girl? Nelly was so smug and disapproving (I felt).

So I do think that Cathy was more of a victim of untrained impulses than you allow. But your comments reminded me of Scarlett O'Hara- has anyone remarked on a similarity and I'm just 100 years behind everyone else? I adored her when I read GWTW but of course she was rotten to her husband and I never could understand her selfish treatment of her own daughter. (Would Cathy have been the same to her daughter had she lived?)

Thanks again, I very much enjoyed reading your essays. Hope more will be forthcoming.

Yes, it's true that the first Catherine is a product of her environment. She has no one to guide her and grows up as wild as the moors. By the time she marries Edgar, the Lintons can't do anything to change her nature. She tries to be good, but the wildness takes over in the end. However, I can't sympathize with her any more than I can sympathize with Heathcliff. He bears the brunt of blame by the other characters in the book. They call him a fiend, but Nelly tells us near the beginning that "hardness, not gentleness" (p.48) made him stoic. He also can't help how he grows up, so why forgive Catherine when their circumstances are so similar?

It's interesting how Brontë didn't feel the need to make her characters more sympathetic. In the book, we're reminded constantly of Heathcliff's evil. When the 1939 movie came out, he was much more likeable and portrayed as a victim. (Book: Heathcliff steals Hindley's horse. Movie: Hindley steals Heathcliff's horse.) Movie audiences need to sympathize with the hero, so I guess there's only so much you can do in two hours. With the time commitment needed for the book and having a deeper understanding of his motivations, I find it easier to forgive him for his wrongs.

You've made a great connection by comparing Catherine to Scarlett. I've never thought of them together before and can see the similarities now that you mention it. Although Scarlett is badly behaved, perhaps we forgive her because she's a woman. Would Catherine have been the same if she had lived? I don't know, but I do tend to think of her daughter as a reincarnation. If Catherine had been raised at the Grange and shielded from the world, she might have turned out like Cathy. We mention briefly above about redemption being a theme in the book. Maybe Cathy is Catherine's redemption and she had to die since she is unable to change her nature.

I'm so glad you have enjoyed participating and I'm thrilled to have you along, Maxine. Books are so much better when you can share them with others. :)

"(Would Cathy have been the same to her daughter had she lived?)"
Yes. In my opinion, Cathy is an incredibly selfish and egotistical character who is only interested in fulfiling her own desires. Her love for Heathcliff, I believe, is fueled more by the fact that the relationship was disapproved of by her brother.
However, I've always been sympathetic towards Heathcliff. He's misunderstood by people around him, he has no social graces, but he is passionate. Even though I think he is also driven by egotistical whims, I feel that his feelings for Cathy are much more genuine.

 

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